![]() ![]() One of the ways that computers have made an impact on society is in how people have organized themselves in workplace groups in relationship to computers. The second category includes applications that require the coordination of complex processes, like the control of machinery involved in the manufacture of cars or the printing of books and newspapers. The first category covers applications that require the organization, storage, and retrieval of large amounts of information such as library catalogs or bank records. In general, computing technologies have been applied to almost every situation falling into one of two categories. In the twenty-first century, computers are used in almost every facet of society, including (but not limited to) agriculture, architecture, art, commerce and global trade, communication, education, governance, law, music, politics, science, transportation, and writing. The needs and desires of society have subsequently influenced the development of a vast array of computing technologies, including supercomputers, graphics processors, games, digital video and audio, mobile computing devices, and telephones. Urgent military needs created by World War II spurred the development of the first electronic computers the devices in use today are the descendants of these room-sized early efforts to streamline military planning and calculation. The twentieth century saw the development of scientific research and engineering applications that required increasingly complex computations. Jacquard was motivated by the desire of capitalists in the early Industrial Age who wanted to reduce the cost of producing their goods through mass production in factories. In 1801 Joseph-Marie Jacquard (1752 –1834) invented perhaps the first type of programmed machine, called Jacquard's Loom, in order to automate the weaving of cloth with patterns. ![]() The earliest kinds of computational devices were the mechanical calculators developed by Blaise Pascal (1623 –1662) in 1645 and Gottfried Leibniz (1646 –1716) in 1694 for solving the navigational and scientific problems that began to arise as Europe entered a new and heightened period of scientific development and international commerce. The study of these relationships has come to be known as "social informatics."Ĭomputing technology has evolved as a means of solving specific problems in human society. Society, in turn, has influenced the development of computers through the needs people have for processing information. Computers have changed the way people relate to one another and their living environment, as well as how humans organize their work, their communities, and their time. ![]() They affect and are themselves affected by society. ![]() Computing technologies, like most other forms of technology, are not socially neutral. ![]()
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